Research of public health risks and tackle strategies for 2008 Beijing Olympic Games / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To identify and evaluate the risks of serious public health events for 29th the Olympic Games and 13th Paralympic in order to offer scientific bases for security public health of Olympic Games.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Use Delphi experts refer, Level analysis, Risk assessment and Hazard analysis and critical control points, to research public health risks for 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>From analysis, we concluded 45 kinds of public health risk consisting in 5 areas and made sure its risk level: 5 kinds of Extreme risk in 3 areas; 22 kinds of High risk in 5 areas; 10 kinds of Moderate risk in 4 areas and 8 kinds of Low risk in 4 areas. And also we imported the risk management thought to research tackle strategies for 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>It might offer scientific bases for security public health of Olympic Games by identification and risk assessment of Serious Public Heath Events for the 29th Olympic Games.</p>

Study on chronic disease related behavior and lifestyle in adults in Beijing, 2005 / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the distribution of chronic disease related behavior and lifestyle in adults from Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>16,658 adult residents from Beijing city were randomly selected with stratified multi-stage cluster sampling method in 2005. Each participant was invited to receive a set of standardized questionnaire, physical examinations and laboratory tests.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the adults living in Beijing, 33.2% were overweight and 16.4% were obesive. The current smoking rate was 26.2% and the regular smoking rate was 21.4%. 57.7% of the male and 4.6% of the female adults were current smokers. In male adults, 64.3% drank alcoholic beverage at least once per month while 16.1% drank almost everyday, 16.5% drank more alcohol than moderate, and 18.5% were binge drinkers. 46.0% of Beijing adults were in lack of active physical exercise. Unhealthy dietary habits such as:excess consumption of sodium or oil, lower intake of vegetable, milk and soybean productions, skipping breakfast, fond of salted vegetable and fried food intake, as well as eating snacks etc. were quite commonly seen in the adults from Beijing. In addition, most of the risk factors had a higher prevalence in the suburban areas and population at working-age.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The prevalence rate of chronic risk factors was still high in adults of Beijing. Effective interventions should be carried out to prevent further worsening of the situation, especially in the suburban areas and people at working-age.</p>

Risk factors for SARS-related deaths in 2003, Beijing / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To study the potential risk factors for severe acute respiratory syndromes (SARS)-related deaths in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Epidemiological data were collected among the confirmed SARS patients officially reported by Beijing Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (BCDC), and information was also supplemented by a follow-up case survey. Chi-square test and multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis were performed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Old age (over 60 years) was found to be significantly associated with SARS-related deaths in the univariate analysis. Also, history of contacting SARS patients within 2 weeks prior to the onset of illness, health occupation, and inferior hospital ranking as well as longer interval of clinic consulting (longer than 1 day) were the risk factors for SARS-related deaths. Multivariate stepwise logistic regression analysis found four risk factors for SARS-related deaths.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Old age (over 60 years) is the major risk factor for SARS-related deaths. Moreover, hospital health workers, the designated hospitals for SARS clinical services and the interval of consulting doctors (less than 1 day) are protective factors for surviving from SARS.</p>

Severe acute respiratory syndrome--retrospect and lessons of 2004 outbreak in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To summarize lessons learned from an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in China during the spring of 2004.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data of SARS cases were officially reported by Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (BCDC) and Anhui Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention (APCDC) and results of epidemiological investigations were collected and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Three generations of 11 cases of SARS were identified during the outbreak. Initial two cases were most likely to be infected in Diarrhea Virus Laboratory of National Institute of Virology, China Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and main mode of transmission was direct contact with SARS patients. Delay in detecting initial case resulted in spread of the illness at hospitals and communities with two generations of secondary cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>SARS outbreak in 2004 has yielded following lessons for public health globally. (1) Lab bio-safety programs should be made and should be strictly abided by. Studies in highly pathogenic viruses such as SARS coronavirus should be utmost cautious. (2) Management systems of occupational exposure to virus and disease surveillance need to be strengthened to take all risk factors into account so as to detect potential patients with infectious disease as early as possible.</p>

Case fatality rate of severe acute respiratory syndromes in Beijing / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the case fatality rate of SARS in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data of SARS cases notified from Beijing Center for Disease Control and Prevention (BCDC) and supplemented by other channels were collected. The data were analyzed by rate calculation.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The case fatality rate of SARS in Beijing was 7.66%, and had an ascending trend while the age of cases was getting older, and a descending trend while the epidemic development. The case fatality rate in Beijing was lower than that in other main epidemic countries or regions.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The risk of death increases with the increment of age of SARS patients. Beijing is successful in controlling and treating SARS.</p>

Epidemiological features of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Beijing urban and suburb areas in 2003 / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the epidemiologic features of an outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in urban and suburb areas in Beijing and to explore their differences between these two areas.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data of SARS cases were collected from daily notification of China Ministry of Health and a database of infectious diseases was established by the Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Prevention and Control (BCDC). All the data were put into dataset files by Microsoft Excel-2000 and analyzed with SPSS version 10.0 software.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The respective urban incidence and mortality rate were 29.06 and 2.21 per 100,000, while the case fatality rate was 7.62%. In contrast, the respective suburb incidence and mortality rate were 10.61 and 0.78 per 100,000, and the case fatality rate was 7.32%. No significant differences were found in demographic characteristics between the urban and suburb areas.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Beijing urban area suffered a more serious SARS epidemic than the suburb area in 2003.</p>

Specific features of the contact history of probable cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To describe the specific features of the contact history of probable cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data of SARS cases notified from the Beijing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention (BCDC) and supplemented by other channels were collected. All the data were analyzed by descriptive epidemiology.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) The number of probable cases with contact history was significantly higher than the excluded cases. (2) The proportion of probable cases with contact history descended with epidemic development, but this situation did not occur in health care workers (HCWs). (3) The fatality rate of probable cases with contact history was significantly higher than the cases without contact history (OR = 1.489). (4) The proportion of probable cases with contact history was 85.86% among health care workers, which was significantly higher than that of non-health care workers (85.86% v.s. 56.44%, OR=4.69).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>(1) The susceptible persons with contact history may not get infected, and the contact history is just a sufficient condition of infecting SARS; (2) There are 3 conceivable reasons for the descending trend of the proportion in probable cases with contact history; (3) The contact history is one of the risk factors of the death of SARS cases; (4) The risk of contacting with SARS among health care workers is approximately 5 times higher than that of non-HCWs.</p>

Assessment of impacts of public health interventions on the SARS epidemic in Beijing in terms of the intervals between its symptom onset, hospital admission, and notification / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVES</b>To assess the impacts of public health interventions on the outbreak of SARS in Beijing by analyzing the intervals between symptom onset, hospital admission and notification of its cases.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Data of SARS cases reported from the Beijing Municipal Centers for Disease Prevention and Control (BCDC) were collected and analyzed by descriptive epidemiology.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In the early epidemic period, the intervals between the disease onset and the hospital admission seemed irregular, so was the intervals between the hospital admission and the notification. After the middle ten days of April, the intervals turned out to be more regular, and the disordered situation in terms of the hospital admission and the case notification was gradually brought under control.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Public health interventions against SARS has revealed positive impacts on SARS control program in Beijing. The timing and sensitivity of epidemic information reporting systems has been greatly improved in Beijing as a result of successful fight against this disease.</p>

Nutrition and health status of the Beijing residents / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the constitution and health status of the Beijing residents, and the primary influencing factors on nutrition and health, as to finding out the epidemiological characters and the changing trend of chronic diseases and to establish scientific basis for the establishment of public health and disease prevention policies of Beijing.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A stratified multi-stage cluster randomly sampling method was used. In total, 18 districts were surveyed, and among them, 9 were conducted dietary survey. The investigation was based on household, and all family members were surveyed at their home. After having got the compliance from the family members, question asking, medical examination, laboratory test and dietary investigation were carried out in these people.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence rate of hypertension was 25.0% for the resident > or = 15 year-old, and over 50% for middle-aged and elderly people (> or = 45 years old). The incidence of diabetes for those not younger than 15 years old was 7.7%. The over-weight rate and the obesity rate for adults were 35.1% and 20.6%, respectively.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The following risk factors of chronic disease, such as unreasonable diet pattern, deficient intake of some micronutrients, over-weight and obesity, lack of physical examination, smoking and over-drinking, should be the important factors influencing the health of Beijing residents severely.</p>

Study on the risk factors related to severe acute respiratory syndrome among close contactors in Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To understand the risk factors on severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) among their contacts and to develop effective strategy for its control.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Available epidemiological data of SARS cases and close contacts were reviewed and analyzed by SPSS.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Out of the 2195 close contacts, 138 (6.3%) were diagnosed as SARS. Among colleagues and classmates of SARS patients, the infection rate was 0.36% versus 31.71% in contacts among families and hospitals, 0.77% in schools. No one was infected among 459 close contacts to SARS in the working unit.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>Among close contacts, factors that facilitating transmission would include: time, extent, frequency and place of contact to the patients, as well as factors related to close contacts as way, time of isolation and age. One of the epidemiological characteristics was that SARS were as clustered in the family among those close contacts. It is important to control the spread of SARS through supervision on the close contacts to patients.</p>

Analysis on 2071 cases excluded from severe acute respiratory syndrome in Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To examine the characteristics of cases excluded from severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and the reasons for exclusion.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>2071 probable or suspected cases excluded from SARS between March and June, 2003 were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Two-thirds of the excluded cases were males. Construction workers, students and retired people ranked top three in all the occupation categories. Three peaks appeared in the dates of exclusion, and the most obvious one was from June 7 to June 13. There were two peaks in the distribution of time period from onset to exclusion, one was six to ten days and the other was forty-eight to fifty-two days after onset. Patients with history of close contact were more likely to be excluded within fifty days after onset than those without close history of contact. Pneumonia, common cold and lung infection were the leading causes for correction in the 1211 excluded cases.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Study on the diagnosis and differential diagnosis should be emphasized.</p>

Analysis on the epidemiological features and the transmission of an imported severe acute respiratory syndrome case in Beijing / 中华流行病学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the characteristics of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) transmission in the population base on analyzing the first imported case and the chains of transmission.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>For the first imported SARS case and cases who were transmitted by the index case, epidemiological investigations were conducted using the guidelines for surveillance and case investigation issued by the Ministry of Health. Data as the date of onset of symptoms, date of hospitalization, contact history etc. for each of the cases and their close contacts were collected and analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The first imported SARS case introduced to Beijing had infected 9 people within the family and at the hospital, with two of whom died of the same disease. The incubation period for that index case was 4 days, and that for the cases considered to be the secondary and tertiary generations were 7 and 8 days, respectively. The shorter the incubation period, the longer the fever would last and clinically more severe.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>One of the epidemiological characteristics of SARS in Beijing was noticed that the disease clustered in families and hospitals. Infection through droplets and close contact has been viewed as the primary mode of transmission.</p>